A man behind gravity.

Hi guys,,,,,,,
Today the topic is very very simple without which all organisms on earth cant survive. It is most important thing in science, the scientists discover this thing with and gave information about it.  That is gravity, As you all know Newton discover this thing. But the saddest thing is that Indian sage discover gravity before 1200 years before Newton discover it. He is none another "Bhaskar Acharya"
He is great mathematician along with he is astronomer.

India is considered as a traditional country but the world is unaware of our contributions to this modern world. Our theories were used as a base for many concepts such as weather forecast, astronomy, astrology, aviation etc. India has developed some of the best mathematicians the world has ever seen. Many of these geniuses were not given credit for their work.

An exhibition was held to spread awareness on India’s rich scientific heritage. The exhibition coordinator, Ashish Manjramkar stated

 “Very few of us know that speed of light was known to Indians in Vedic period. A shloka says that the speed of light is 2202 yojana per half nimish.  Yojana is a unit of distance which equals to 9.06 miles and half a nimish (nimishardha) is one tenth of a second. The figure is very close to the modern measurement of speed of light.” –

When we talk about gravity, the first name that pops into our heart is “Sir Isaac Newton”. In school we all have been told the story of how Newton was inspired to formulate “The Universal Law of Gravitation” when an apple fell from a tree. The world believes that Newton was the first to discover the gravitational concepts. You will be surprised to known that the theory of gravitation was created 1200 years before Newton by an Indian Mathematician Bhaskaracharya.  Before discussing Bhaskaracharya’s contribution let us understand the basic concept of gravity.

Gravity is a universal force that allows a mass of body to attract other masses of body. The bigger a mass of body is, the higher will be the force of gravity.

Importance of Gravity:

Objects stay on earth because of the gravitational pull. Every single body in the universe is affected by gravitational forces which also include the earth, sun and the moon. Tidal waves are created by the gravitational pull of the moon. Sun’s gravitational pull keeps all the planets in the orbit. Earth’s gravity allows it to revolve around the sun.

Now that you have understood the meaning of Gravitation, let’s get back to the work of Bhaskaracharya.

He was one of the most prominent astronomers and mathematicians of the 12th century. He is also considered as the greatest mathematician from the medieval era. He is known amongst the theorist for discovering principles on astronomy and calculus.

He wrote “Siddhānta Śiromaṇī” at the age of 36 in 1150 AD. He also contributed to “Surya Siddhanta” that was originally written by Aryabhatta.

The first principle of gravity was stated by “Bhaskaracharya” and “not Newton”

Bhaskaracharya stated the laws of gravity in the book Surya Siddhanta in 11th century. Thus the law actually exists even before the birth of Sir Isaac Newton (Newton was born in the 16th century).

Here are some of the slokas from his book Surya Siddhanta that mentions how gravitation works :

“madhye samantandasya bhugolo vyomni tisthati 
bibhranah paramam saktim brahmano dharanatmikam”
[Surya Sidhantha 12th chapter 32 sloka]

This means: The spherical earth stands at the centre of earth in space due to the dharanatmikam sakti which prevents earth from falling away and helps it to stand firm.

“akrsta saktisca mahi taya yat svastham guru svabhimukham svasaktya
akrsyate tatpatativa bhati same samantat kva patatviyam khe”
[Sidhanta Shiromani, Bhuvanakosa, 6th sloka]

This means: Every object falls on the ground due to earth’s force of attraction. This force allows the sun, earth, moon and constellations to stay in the orbit. – Article Res

Bhaskaracharya wrote a treatise name Lilavati where he answers a question posed by his little daughter. In this book, he answers his daughter Lilavati’s curious questions.

In this book, he explains that earth has gravitational force (gurutvakarshan shakti). There is a mutual attraction between the planets and this allows them to hold themselves firmly in space.

Bhaskaracharya’s Law Of Gravity 

He also mentioned the shape of the earth while answering his daughter’s question. Bhaskaracharya states that what we see is not the reality, Earth may appear flat but it is spherical in reality.

He further explains this theory by stating

“if you draw a very big circle and look at one fourth of its circumference, you see it as a straight line. But in true sense it is a circle. Similarly earth is spherical in shape.” 

This historical mentions are the proofs that laws of gravity was first discovered in India by Bhaskaracharya.  His laws predates the law of Newton, he did not wait for the apple to fall.  Everybody knows about Newton’s law of Gravity but we don’t have any idea about “Bhaskaracharya’s Law of Gravity”.

Bhāskara(also known as Bhāskarāchārya("Bhāskara, the teacher"), and as Bhaskara II to avoid confusion with Bhāskara I) (1114–1185), was an Indianmathematician and astronomer. He was born in Bijapur in Karnataka.

Bhāskara and his works represent a significant contribution to mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th century. He has been called the greatest mathematician of medieval India. His main work Siddhānta Shiromani, (Sanskrit for "Crown of Treatises") is divided into four parts called Lilāvatī, Bījagaṇita, Grahagaṇita and Golādhyāya, which are also sometimes considered four independent works.These four sections deal with arithmetic, algebra, mathematics of the planets, and spheres respectively. He also wrote another treatise named Karaṇa Kautūhala.

Bhāskara's work on calculus predates Newton and Leibniz by over half a millennium. He is particularly known in the discovery of the principles of differential calculus and its application to astronomical problems and computations. While Newton and Leibniz have been credited with differential and integral calculus, there is strong evidence to suggest that Bhāskara was a pioneer in some of the principles of differential calculus. He was perhaps the first to conceive the differential coefficient and differential calculus.

On 20 November 1981 the Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Bhaskara II satellitehonouring the mathematician and astronomer.

Date, place and family:-Edit

Bhāskara gives his date of birth, and date of composition of his major work, in a verse in the Āryā metre

This reveals that he was born in 1036 of the Shaka era(1114 CE), and that he composed the Siddhānta Śiromaṇī when he was 36 years old. He also wrote another work called the Karaṇa-kutūhala when he was 69 (in 1183). His works show the influence of Brahmagupta, Sridhara, Mahāvīra, Padmanābha and other predecessors.

He was born near Vijjadavida (believed to be Bijjaragiof Vijayapur in modern Karnataka). Bhāskara is said to have been the head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the leading mathematical center of medieval India. He lived in the Sahyadri region (Patnadevi, in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra).

History records his great-great-great-grandfather holding a hereditary post as a court scholar, as did his son and other descendants. His father Mahesvara(Maheśvaropādhyāya) was a mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, who taught him mathematics, which he later passed on to his son Loksamudra. Loksamudra's son helped to set up a school in 1207 for the study of Bhāskara's writings. He died in 1185 CE.

Astronomy:-

Using an astronomical model developed by Brahmagupta in the 7th century, Bhāskara accurately defined many astronomical quantities, including, for example, the length of the sidereal year, the time that is required for the Earth to orbit the Sun, as approximately 365.2588 days which is the same as in Suryasiddhanta. The modern accepted measurement is 365.25636 days, a difference of just 3.5 minutes.

His mathematical astronomy text Siddhanta Shiromaniis written in two parts: the first part on mathematical astronomy and the second part on the sphere.

The twelve chapters of the first part cover topics such as:

• Mean longitudes of the planets.
• True longitudes of the planets.
• The three problems of diurnal rotation.(Diurnal motion is an astronomical term referring to the apparent daily motion of stars around the Earth, or more precisely around the two celestial poles. It is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis, so every star apparently moves on a circle, that is called the diurnal circle.)
• Syzygies.
• Lunar eclipses.
• Solar eclipses.
• Latitudes of the planets.
• Sunrise equation
• The Moon's crescent.
• Conjunctions of the planets with each other.
• Conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars.
• The paths of the Sun and Moon.

The second part contains thirteen chapters on the sphere. It covers topics such as:

• Praise of study of the sphere.
• Nature of the sphere.
• Cosmography and geography.
• Planetary mean motion.
• Eccentric epicyclic model of the planets.
• The armillary sphere.
• Spherical trigonometry.
• Ellipse calculations.
• First visibilities of the planets.
• Calculating the lunar crescent.
• Astronomical instruments.
• The seasons.
• Problems of astronomical calculations.

Engineering:-Edit

The earliest reference to a perpetual motion machine date back to 1150, when Bhāskara II described a wheelthat he claimed would run forever.

Bhāskara II used a measuring device known as Yaṣṭi-yantra. This device could vary from a simple stick to V-shaped staffs designed specifically for determining angles with the help of a calibrated scale.

The Siddhanta-Shiromani:-Edit

Lilavati:Edit

The first section Līlāvatī (also known as pāṭīgaṇita or aṅkagaṇita), named after his daughter, consists of 277 verses. It covers calculations, progressions, measurement, permutations, and other topics.

Bijaganita:Edit

The second section Bījagaṇita has 213 verses. It discusses zero, infinity, positive and negative numbers, and indeterminate equations including (the now called) Pell's equation, solving it using a kuṭṭaka method. In particular, he also solved the ${\displaystyle 61x^{2}+1=y^{2}}$ case that was to elude Fermat and his European contemporaries centuries later.

GrahaganitaEdit

In the third section Grahagaṇita, while treating the motion of planets, he considered their instantaneous speeds.^[6] He arrived at the approximation:^[11]

${\displaystyle \sin y'-\sin y\approx (y'-y)\cos y}$ for ${\displaystyle y'}$ close to ${\displaystyle y}$, or in modern notation:^[11]

${\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dy}}\sin y=\cos y}$.

In his words:

This result had also been observed earlier by Muñjalācārya (or Mañjulācārya) in 932, in his astronomical work Laghu-mānasam, in the context of a table of sines.

Bhāskara also stated that at its highest point a planet's instantaneous speed is zero.

Legends:-Edit

In his book Lilavati, he reasons: "In this quantity also which has zero as its divisor there is no change even when many quantities have entered into it or come out [of it], just as at the time of destruction and creation when throngs of creatures enter into and come out of [him, there is no change in] the infinite and unchanging [Vishnu]".

Edit

It has been stated, by several authors, that Bhaskara II proved the Pythagorean theorem by drawing a diagram and providing the single word "Behold!".^[Sometimes Bhaskara's name is omitted and this is referred to as the Hindu proof, well known by schoolchildren.

However, as mathematics historian Kim Plofker points out, after presenting a worked out example, Bhaskara II states the Pythagorean theorem:

Hence, for the sake of brevity, the square root of the sum of the squares of the arm and upright is the hypotenuse: thus it is demonstrated.

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